Adams HP, Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE, 3rd. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993;24(1):35-41
Shi ZS, Feng L, He X, Ishii A, Goldstine J, Vinters HV, Vinuela F. Vulnerable plaque in a Swine model of carotid atherosclerosis. AJNRAm J Neuroradiol 2009;30(3):469-472
Kolodgie FD, Gold HK, Burke AP, Fowler DR, Kruth HS, Weber DK, Farb A, Guerrero LJ, Hayase M, Kutys R, Narula J, Finn AV, Virmani R. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma. N Engl J Med 2003;349(24):2316-2325
Muluk SC, Muluk VS, Sugimoto H, Rhee RY, Trachtenberg J, Steed DL, Jarrett F, Webster MW, Makaroun MS. Progression of asymptomatic arotid stenosis: a natural history study in 1004 patients. J Vasc Surg 1999;29(2):206-214
Chaturvedi S, Bruno A, Feasby T, Holloway R, Benavente O, Cohen SN, Cote R, Hess D, Saver J, Spence JD, Stern B, Wilterdink J. Carotid endarterectomy--an evidence-based review: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2005;65(6):794-801
Clinical alert: benefit of carotid endarterectomy for patients with high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery. National Institute of Neurological Disordersand Stroke Stroke and Trauma Division. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterec-tomy Trial (NASCET) investigators. Stroke 1991;22(6):816-817
Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;351(9113):1379-1387
Albers GW, Caplan LR, Easton JD, Fayad PB, Mohr JP, Saver JL, Sherman DG. Transient ischemic attack- proposal for a new definition. N Engl J Med 2002;347 (21):1713-1716
Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis.North American SymptomaticCarotidEndarterectomyTrialCollaborators. N Engl J Med 1991;325(7):445-453
MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Lancet 1991;337(8752): 1235-1243
Wardlaw JM, Lewis S. Carotid stenosis measurement on colour Doppler ultrasound: agreement of ECST, NASCET and CCA methods applied to ultrasound with intra-arterial angiographic stenosis measurement. Eur J Radiol 2005;56(2):205-211
Oates CP, Naylor AR, Hartshorne T, Charles SM, Fail T, Humphries K, Aslam M, Khodabakhsh P. Joint recommendations for reporting carotid ultrasound investigations in the United Kingdom. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009;37(3):251-261
O’Donnell TF, Jr., Erdoes L, Mackey WC, McCullough J, Shepard A, Heggerick P, Isner J, Callow AD. Corre lation of Bmode ultrasound imaging and arteriography with pathologic findings at carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 1985;120 (4):443-449
Wintermark M, Jawadi SS, Rapp JH, Tihan T, Tong E, Glidden DV, Abedin S, Schaeffer S, Acevedo-Bolton G, Boudignon B, Orwoll B, Pan X, Saloner D. High-resolution CT imaging of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29(5):875-882
Das M, Braunschweig T, Muhlenbruch G, Mahn- ken AH, Krings T, Langer S, Koeppel T, Jacobs M, Gunther RW, Mommertz G. Carotid plaque analysis: comparison of dual-source computed tomography (CT) findings and histopathological correlation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;38(1):14-19
Hermus L, van Dam GM, Zeebregts CJ. Advanced carotid plaque imaging. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 39(2):125-133
Bots ML, Mulder PG, Hofman A, van Es GA, Grobbee DE. Reproducibility of caroti vessel wall thickness measurements. The Rotterdam Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47(8):921-930
Burke GL, Evans GW, Riley WA, Sharrett AR, Howard G, Barnes RW, Rosamond W, Crow RS, Rautaharju PM, Heiss G. Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Stroke 1995;26(3):386-391
Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation 1997;96(5):1432-1437
Blauw GJ, Lagaay AM, Smelt AH, Westendorp RG. Stroke, statins, and cholesterol. A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Stroke 997;28(5): 946-950
Van Wissen S, Trip MD, Smilde TJ, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef AF, Kastelein JJ. Differential hs-CRP reduction in patients with familial hypercholes- terolemia treated with aggressive or conventional statin therapy. Atherosclerosis 2002;165(2):361-366
Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Selzer RH, Liu C, Alaupovic P, Kwong-Fu H, Azen SP. Reduction in carotid arterial wall thickness using lovastatin and dietary therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1996;124(6):548-556
Smilde TJ, van Wissen S, Wollersheim H, Trip MD, Kastelein JJ, Stalenhoef AF. Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercho lesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2001;357(9256):577-581
Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;25(5):457-507
Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, 3rd, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE, Sillesen H, Simunovic L, Szarek M, Welch KM, Zivin JA. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006;355(6):549-559
Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet 2004;363(9411):757-767
Amarenco P, Goldstein LB, Szarek M, Sillesen H, Rudolph AE, Callahan A, 3rd, Hennerici M, Simunovic L, Zivin JA, Welch KM. Effects of intense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke 2007;38 (12):3198-3204
Amarenco P, Labreuche J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(5): 453-463
Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L, Wedel H, Berglund G. Low-dosemetoprolol CR/XLand fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: Main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol- Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation 2001;103(13):1721-1726
Weber R, Weimar C, Diener HC. Medical prevention of stroke and stroke recurrence in patients with TIA and minor stroke. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10(12): 1883-1894
Theiss W, Hermanek P, Mathias K, Bruckmann H, Dembski J, Hoffmann FJ, Kerner R, Leisch F, Mudra H, Schulte KL, Sievert H. Predictors of death and stroke after carotid angioplasty and stenting: a subgroup analysis of the Pro-CAS data. Stroke 2008;39(8):2325-2330
Gray WA, Yadav JS, Verta P, Scicli A, Fairman R, Wholey M, Hopkins LN, Atkinson R, Raabe R, Barnwell S, Green R.The CAPTURE registry: predictors of outcomes in carotid artery stenting with embolic protection for high surgical risk patients in the early post-approval setting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007;70(7):1025-1033
Stingele R, Berger J, Alfke K, Eckstein HH, Fraedrich G, Allenberg J, Hartmann M, Ringleb PA, Fiehler J, Bruckmann H, Hennerici M, Jansen O, Klein G, Kunze A, Marx P, Niederkorn K, Schmiedt W, Solymosi L, Zeumer H, Hacke W. Clinical and angiographic risk factors for stroke and death within 30 days after carotid endarterectomy and stentprotected angioplasty: a subanalysis of the SPACE study. Lancet Neurol 2008;7(3):216-222
Hassan AE, Zacharatos H, Vazquez G, Rodriguez GJ, Suri MF, Tummala RP, Taylor RA, Qureshi AI. Low Risk of Intracranial and Systemic Hemorrhages in Patients on Dual Antiplatelet Treatment Beyond 1 Month Following Neuroedvascular Angioplasty and/ or Stent Placement. J Neuroimaging 2010.
Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357(9270):1729-1737
Bonati LH, Ederle J, McCabe DJ, Dobson J, Feather- stone RL, Gaines PA, Beard JD, Venables GS, Markus HS, Clifton A, Sandercock P, Brown MM. Long-term risk of carotid restenosis in patients randomly assigned to endovascular treatment or endarterectomy in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVA-TAS) long-term follow-up of a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(10): 908-917
Murad MH, Flynn DN, Elamin MB, Guyatt GH, Hobson RW, 2nd, Erwin PJ, Montori VM. Endarterectomy vs stenting for carotid arterytenosis: a systematic review and meta-analy-sis. J Vasc Surg 2008;48(2):487-493
Bates ER, Babb JD, Casey DE, Jr., Cates CU, Duck wiler GR, Feldman TE, Gray WA, Ouriel K, Peterson ED, Rosenfield K, Rundback JH, Safian RD, Sloan MA, White CJ. ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ ASITN 2007 clinical expert consensus document on carotid stenting: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ ASITNClinicalExpertConsensusDocumentCommittee on Carotid Stenting). J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49(1): 126-170
Liapis CD, Bell PR, Mikhailidis D, Sivenius J, Nicolaides A, Fernandes e Fernandes J, Biasi G, Norgren L. ESVS guidelines. Invasive treatment for carotid stenosis: indications, techniques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009;37(4 Suppl):1-19
Yadav JS. Carotid stenting in high-risk patients: design and rationale of the SAPPHIRE trial. Cleve Clin J Med 2004;71 Suppl 1:45-46
Barbato JE, Dillavou E, Horowitz MB, Jovin TG, Kanal E, David S, Makaroun MS. A randomized trial of carotid artery stenting with and without cerebral protection. J Vasc Surg 2008;47(4):760-765
Garg N, Karagiorgos N, Pisimisis GT, Sohal DP, Longo GM, Johanning JM, Lynch TG, Pipinos, II. Cerebral protection devices reduce periprocedural strokes during carotid angioplasty and stenting: a systematic review of the current literature. J Endovasc Ther 2009;16(4):412-427
Zarins CK, White RA, Diethrich EB, Shackelton RJ, Siami FS. Carotid revascularization using endarterectomy or stenting systems (CaRESS): 4-year outcomes. J Endovasc Ther 2009;16(4):397-409
Altaf N, Daniels L, Morgan PS, Auer D, MacSweeney ST, Moody AR, Gladman JR. Detection of intraplaque hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging in symptomatic patients with mild to moderate carotid stenosis predicts recurrent neurological events. J Vasc Surg 2008;47(2):337-342
Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, Peto C, Peto R, Potter J, Thomas D. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms:randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363(9420):1491-1502
Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 1995;273(18): 1421-1428
Abbott AL. Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: results of a systematic review and analysis. Stroke 2009;40(10): 573-583
Kakkos SK, Sabetai M, Tegos T, Stevens J, Thomas D, Griffin M, Geroulakos G, Nicolaides AN. Silent embolic infarcts on computed tomography brain scans and risk of ipsilateral hemispheric events in patients with asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 2009;49(4):902-909
Nicolaides AN, Kakkos SK, Griffin M, Sabetai M, Dhanjil S, Tegos T, Thomas DJ, Giannoukas A, Geroulakos G, Georgiou N, Francis S, Ioannidou E, Dore CJ. Severity of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of ipsilateral hemispheric ischaemic events: results from the ACSRS study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;30(3):275-284
Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, Whittemore Kresowik TF, Matchar DB, Toole JF, Easton JD, Adams HP, Jr., Brass LM, Hobson RW, 2nd, Brott TG, Sternau L. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;97(5):501-509
Hobson RW, 2nd, Mackey WC, Ascher E, Murad MH, Calligaro KD, Comerota AJ, Montori VM, Eskandari MK, Massop DW, Bush RL, Lal BK, Perler BA. Management of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 2008;48(2):480-486
Marquardt L, Geraghty OC, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Low risk of ipsilateral stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis on best medical treatment: a prospective, population-based study. Stroke 41(1):e11-17.
Kadoglou NP, Sailer N, Moumtzouoglou A, Kapelouzou A, Gerasimidis T, Liapis CD. Aggressive lipid-lowering is more effective than moderate lipid- lowering treatment in carotid plaque stabilization. J Vasc Surg 2010;51(1):114-121
Goldstein LB, Amarenco P, Zivin J, Messig M, Altafullah I, Callahan A, Hennerici M, MacLeod MJ, Sillesen H, Zweifler R, Michael K, Welch Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke 2009;40(11):3526-3531
Naylor R, Cuffe RL, Rothwell PM, Loftus IM, Bell PR. A systematic review of outcome following synchro-nous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass: influence of surgical and patient variables. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;26(3):230-241
Van der Heyden J, Suttorp MJ, Bal ET, Ernst JM, Ackerstaff RG, Schaap J, Kelder JC, Schepens M, Plokker HW. Staged carotid angioplasty and stenting followed by cardiac surgery in patients with severe asymptomaticcarotidarterystenosis:earlyandlong-term results. Circulation 2007;116(18):2036-2042
Fareed KR, Rothwell PM, Mehta Z, Naylor AR. Synchronous carotid endarterectomy and off-pump coronary bypass: an updated, systematic review of early outcomes. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;37(4):375-378
Cheng SW, Wu LL, Ting AC, Lau H, Wong J. Screening for asymptomatic carotid stenosis in patients with peripheral vascular disease: a prospective study and risk factor analysis. Cardiovasc Surg 1999;7(3):303-309
Carmody BJ, Arora S, Avena R, Curry KM, Simpkins J, Cosby K, Sidawy AN. Accelerated carotid arterydiseaseafterhigh-doseheadandneck radiotherapy: is there a role for routine carotid duplex surveillance? J Vasc Surg 1999;30(6):1045-1051
Hassen-Khodja R, Sala F, Declemy S, Lagrange JL, Bouillane PJ, Batt M. Surgical management of atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis after cervical radiation therapy. Ann Vasc Surg 2000;14(6):608-611
Usman AA, Tang GL, Eskandari MK. Metaanalysis of procedural stroke and death among octogenarians: carotid stenting versus carotidendarterectomy. JAm Coll Surg 2009;208(6):1124-1131
